Christianity And African American Culture - 1710 Words

Christianity in African American Culture There are so many views on how the African American community joined a massive movement called, â€Å"Christianity†. This religion has been a key role in the lives of the African-American since being bought over to America from the motherland of Africa. It is said that the white British men who kidnapped our ancestors, made them slaves and forced them to believe in this religion. In research, it is found that there were several polytheistic religions in African and Christianity was one. It is believed that when Christians were brought over from Africa, along with most of their own religions, some of them brought Christianity along with them, but those who believed in other religions were soon forced to convert to Christianity which they looked to freedom. During my studies, I came across a book entitled â€Å"The Talking Book† by Allen Dwight Callahan. In this book, he speaks about how the African American race accepted Christianity. One interesting story he spoke abou t in his book was when slave masters use to sit and read their bibles as the slaves were working. He said that while they were reading, the slaves would ask â€Å"What is that master?† and the slave owner would reply â€Å"the book is talking to me.† So, when the slave owner would leave, the slave would go pick up the book and put it to his ear to hear the book speak. While in Africa, their Christian belief was not molded by the words of a book, but rather the words of their ancestors. InShow MoreRelatedThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1328 Words   |  6 PagesReligious institutions have played a prominent role in the history of American culture, and legislation. These institutions were especially impactful during the start of American colonization. Colonization caused the aggregated need for mass amounts of workers for cultivation infrastructure. For this reason, American settlers began the transatlantic slave trade trade. Christianity played an important role in advoc ating for the morality of the slave trade (Richard). In order to drive the slave industryRead More African and African American according to Achebe and Douglass 1019 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican and African American according to Achebe and Douglass  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the years, the image of the African American culture has been portrayed in in a negative light. Many people look to African, and African American literature to gain knowledge about the African American culture. The true culture and image often goes unseen, or is tarnished because writers who have no true insight or experience, have proceeded to write about things in which they are uneducated.. For years theRead MoreThe Three Cs ( Christianity, Commerce And Civilization1172 Words   |  5 Pagesprioritization of the three Cs (Christianity, Commerce and Civilization) reveal about the people who engaged in the early repatriation movement of African descendants from the Americas that they were looking for the â€Å"Black Nationality† by establishing an American colony in Africa. DuBois’ notion of double consciousness shed light on their dilemma in relation to Africa and Africans. The notion presents how the African Americans are perceived by the white Americans in the American society where the majorityRead MoreReligious Transformations Of The United States1275 Words   |  6 Pagesreligious transformations. The following paragraphs will briefly examine five different transformations that have occurred during the history of religion in the United States. Pluralism is by definition, the coexistence of multiple, groups, religions, cultures, etc. One example of Pluralism that sticks out is the history of colonial Protestantism. As discussed in class, Protestantism stemmed from desire to reform the Roman Catholic Church. The actions of three figures, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and KingRead More Relationship Between Christianity and Slavery in America Essay681 Words   |  3 PagesAfrican-American Religion It can be assumed that Christianity shaped slave culture in several ways such as developing a common bond among slaves. At the some time, it could also be argued that slavery altered Christianity in various ways including the formation of Methodist and Baptist denominations. However, these were not the only manners in which both cultures had an effect on each other. Black converts dramatically increased the number of Christians in the New World. The ideas instilled inRead MoreClash of Cultures1027 Words   |  5 PagesClash of Cultures Anthony Reyes, History/110 August 21, 2013 Clash of Cultures Native Americans and Colonist had sophisticated differences with so many factors, adding West Africans to the new world would contribute to even more catastrophic events to the three cultural groups during the changeover, the a chronologic and historical event leads to what is known today as the â€Å"Clash of Cultures.† Native Americans and Colonist at Jamestown Jamestown, sits in the fort of Virginia whereRead MoreThe Beginning Of The 19th Century1520 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom the control of England. However, one group, enslaved Africans, remained separated and excluded from the nation’s unification. The use of slaves, common during this time, established the African race as inferior and almost inhuman. Enslaved people, given little opportunities of education and freedom, had few opportunities to experience freedom, let alone religion. Africans rarely received any form of education. However, one enslaved African girl named Phillis Wheatley received an education fromRead MorePerceptions of the Supernatural Among African-Americans1472 Words   |  6 Pagessupernatural among African-Americans, due to the incredible diversity within the community. Individual differences will also inform different worldviews related to paranormal and the occult. In fact, historical evidence reveals a rich and varied spiritual expression, which was not t ied down to or by any one religion. At the same time, archaeological evidence reveals a palpable spiritual unity, a coherent, transatlantic belief system, (Conjuring in the Big House Kitchen 1). African syncretic traditionsRead MoreSlavery in the American Colonies Essay966 Words   |  4 Pages1. In the American colonies, Virginians switched from indentured servants to slaves for their labor needs for many reasons. A major reason was the shift in the relative supply of indentured servants and slaves. While the colonial demand for labor was increasing, a sharp decrease occurred in the number of English migrants arriving in America under indenture. Slaves were permanent property and female slaves passed their status on to their children. Slaves also seemed to be a better investment thanRead MoreSocial, Cultural, And Cultural Groups1148 Words   |  5 Pagessense of identity. There are many topics in early American history that have had a great importance and impact on different soc ial, racial, and cultural groups . The events that took place from the first century to the beginning of the 1800’s helped shape and build a foundation for the multifarious ways of life we have in the United States of America. Throughout the semester, I was able to learn more about my identity and where the background of my culture came from. Gaining knowledge on the various events

The Jilting of Granny Weatherall Essay - 786 Words

In this short story of The Jilting of Granny Weatherall by Katherine Anne Porter, there is a powerful symbolic meaning through out the entire narrative. Although the symbols are not obvious in some paragraphs, they are in hidden text in others, which has to be, examined thoroughly by the reader. Granny is an eighty-year-old woman on her deathbed. She is in a state of confusion drifting in and out of consciences; she is reminiscing and blurring the past with the present. Although she comes to her senses every now and then, she is still perplexing some important details of her life. Through this story, all the symbols help define Grannys character, provide greater understanding of her life, and reinforces the important parts of†¦show more content†¦Granny weathered through all the storms in her life and had conquered many obstacles except her jiltings. While on her deathbed, she wanted her daughter Cornelia to find George after sixty years she wanted him to know that she had her husband just the same, and her children, and her house like any other woman (page 99). She also wanted him to know that every thing that he had taken away from her, had been given back to her and even more, than she had hoped for. The text implies that she had been pregnant by George perhaps with Hapsy and that is why they were getting married. When George had left her with her white veil on and the white cake set out for a man (page 98), she compared that feeling to being in deepest pit of hell. Now that she was diminishing, that same feeling of hell returned to haunt her. Her husband John and Hapsy had died and left her, which also made her feel forsaken by the two men she had truly loved and the child she had truly wanted. All of the abandonment that occurred in her life in the past six decades had just made her a stronger woman, who was straightf orward, stern, and meticulous in the way she lived her life. Granny wanted a sign from God (page 101), so she could let go and release everything that had been building up inside of her all for sixty years, theShow MoreRelatedThe Jilting of Granny Weatherall700 Words   |  3 PagesIn â€Å"The Jilting of Granny Weatherall† by Katherine Anne Porter, we learn of an elderly woman who is lying on her death bed watching her life pass before her eyes. We learn, from these flashbacks, how much she has overcome and endured, and how shes put her whole heart into being a mother and wife up until her last breath, when she blew out the candle and rode with her Father in a cart to heaven. It’s this very reason why Porter, in my opinion, chose Granny as the narrator of this story; so we couldRead MoreThe Jilting Of Granny Weatherall936 Words   |  4 Pagesof coping with one of the certainties of life. Katherine Anne Porter masterfully embraces the theme of mortality both directly and indirectly in her story, â€Å"The Jilting of Granny W eatherall.† Understanding that all mankind ultimately becomes subject to death unleashes feelings of dread and anxiety in most people; however, Granny Weatherall transitions from rushing to meet her demise in her sixties to completely denying she is on her deathbed when she is eithty. Readers have seen this theme of mortalityRead MoreEssay Jilting Of Granny Weatherall550 Words   |  3 Pages The Jilting of Granny Weatherall In Katherine Ann Porter’s amp;quot;The Jilting of Granny Weatherall,amp;quot; there are two prevalant themes. The first is self-pity. The second theme is the acceptance of her immenent demise. Both deal with the way people perceive their deaths and mortality in general. Granny Weatherall’s behavior is Porter’s tool for making these themes visible to the reader. The theme of self-pity is obvious and throughly explored early on. As a young lady, Granny WeatherallRead MoreThe Jilting of Granny Weatherall Essay748 Words   |  3 Pages Porters The Jilting of Granny Weatherall depicts the story of a dying womans life. Throughout her eighty years of life Mrs. Weatherall has had her fair share of disappointments, heartaches, and unfavorable outcomes. This short story is written in a manner that allows the reader to get an outside view looking in; similar to looking at the story through a window as if being acted out in front of you in the theater. The story is eloquently written and leaves the reader with a sense of familiarityRead MoreThe Jilting Of Granny Weatherall Character Analysis1570 Words   |  7 Pagespersonality, purpose, or symbolic meaning.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2. (743 words) â€Å"The Jilting of Granny Weatherall† is a short story written by Katherine Ann Porter, a writer from Indian Creek, Texas.   Porter comes from a journalistic background.   She first started working as a reporter while singing and acting on the side.   In 1965, Porter won a Pulitzer Prize for a wide collection of her stories. In the story, an irritated and elderly Granny Weatherall reflects on experiences from her life while laying   LYING   on herRead MoreThe Jilting of Granny Weatherall Analytical Essay803 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Jilting of Granny Weatherall† Analytical Essay â€Å"The Jilting of Granny Weatherall† is a short story written by Katherine Anne Portier about an elderly woman on her deathbed. Granny Weatherall is a very interesting character and the story describes her last thoughts and memories as she lies there taking her last breaths. Granny Weatherall is perceived as an independent and strong-willed character that has lived a full life. As she lies on her deathbed, she drifts in and out of consciousnessRead MoreThe Jilting Of Granny Weatherall And Arabing Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pagescommon train of thoughts is never scrutinized or examined, but in literature, it is something referred to as stream of consciousness and it is what will be surveyed in this essay. The two stories being observed are Katherine Porter’s â€Å"The Jilting of Granny Weatherall†, a short story about an 80-year-old woman’s thoughts and memories as she lives out her last day. The second story is James Joyce’s â€Å"Arabyâ₠¬ , the fictional story of a young boy in Dublin and his infatuation with a girl in his neighborhoodRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story The Jilting Of Granny Weatherall 1578 Words   |  7 Pagestitle of the story is The Jilting of Granny Weatherall. The author of this story is an American woman by the name of Katherine Anne Porter. Porter was born in 1890 in Indian Creek Texas and died in 1980. In 1930 her story titled Judas helped her gain a good reputation. In 1965 Porter received a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award for her Collected Stories. The main character is a sickly, eighty-year-old woman by name of Ellen who is referred to as Granny Weatherall in the story. She is skinRead More A Rose for Emily and The Jilting of Granny Weatherall the Share theTheme of Jilting985 Words   |  4 Pages The Jilting of Granny Weatherall, a short story written by Katherine Ann Porter in 1930, describes an eighty-year-old Ellen Weatherall, nicknamed â€Å"Granny†, during her last day alive. While the story takes place in her bedroom, most of the action takes place within her head. Nearing death, Granny Weatherall reminisces on important events in her life, especially her jilting that took place sixty years ago when her then fiancà ©, George, left her at the altar. Although she carried on with her life, remarryingRead MoreEssay The Jilting Of Granny Weatherall and A Worn Path492 Words   |  2 PagesThe short stories, â€Å"The Jilting of Granny Weatherall† by Catherine Anne Porter and â€Å"A Worn Path† by Eu dora Welty, have many similarities as well as differences. Both stories have a simple plot with a theme that is symbolic of their lives. These stories include great characterization, description of elements in the stories, and the point of view. Granny Weatherall is characterized as a very old lady who is extremely stubborn and bedridden. Granny Weatherall is a sickly old lady in denial. She believes

Music has the power to change lives Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The consensual view from within the humanities appears to be that music is cultural rather than natural; music is viewed as constituted of practices, concepts and perceptions that are grounded in particular social interactions and constructions. As Geertz (1973) put it, in promoting a semiotic and interpretive approach to culture, "man is an animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun", and within Geertzs humano-centric web of culture there is little room for the "natural". For Treitler (1980), "Meaning in music is a function of the engagement of codes or orders by the note-complexes of which the musical event is comprised", and musical phenomena are thus "intelligible only in the light of an interpretation which intuits the purpose or intention that they embody". Indeed, Abbate (1991) has suggested that â€Å"There is nothing immanent in a musical work (beyond the material reality of its written and sonic traces) and our perceptions of forms, configurations, meanings, gestures and symbols are always mediated by verbal formulas, as on a broader scale by ideology and culture. † "Music" is seen as the expression of discrete, contingent, socially conditioned factors in respect of which a generalisable - and hence scientific - account is neither relevant nor possible (Cross, 2001). Shepherd and Wicke (1997) published their book â€Å"Music and Cultural Theory†. We will write a custom essay sample on Music has the power to change lives or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The aim of this book as stated in the initial pages is ‘to feed musicology into cultural theory, to consider the implications for cultural theory of a viable theory for the social and cultural constitution of music as a particular and irreducible form of human expression and knowledge’. The authors see their initial task ‘to interrogate those forms of cultural theory which have been central to its development since the late 1950s’ and ‘to determine where the application of cultural theory has had some success in grasping affect in music as socially and culturally constituted’. This book and other similar works help cultural theorists to appreciate music and help musicians or musicologists to recognize the work they do from the viewpoint of theories of culture and society. Music is different things and does different things in different cultures; the bundles of elements and functions which are music for any given culture may overlap minimally with those of another culture, even for those cultures where "music" constitutes a discrete and identifiable category of human activity in its own right.

Racial Stereotypes And Its Negative Effects On Our Society

Humanity as a whole cannot help but judge one another. A stereotype is a fixed belief about someone’s religion, gender, or social group. Stereotypes can have positive and negative affects on our society. Often times, people use stereotypes to belittle a group of people. An example of a racial stereotype would include all Hispanics being illegal immigrants. Racial stereotypes always favor the race of the holder and put down other races. People use racial stereotypes because it is human nature to recognize patterns. When seeing these patterns within a specific race people often tend to immediately associate him or herself within that society. From a positive point of view stereotypes can give confidence and favor them above a certain group or class of people. Stereotypes such as Asians have high IQs can make them have confidence in themselves. often times it is hard to live up to a positive stereotype. Although we think positive stereotyping is a good thing it really is not. Mo st positive stereotyping sets the bar unrealistically high and only leaves room for failure. Another example of a positive stereotype with a negative affect is â€Å"All black people are good at sports.† If a particular African American is not good at sports then they will feel less than adequate. Positive stereotypes can be depressing to individuals who are supposed to posses them but fall short. Referring to the article listed as â€Å"Reality TV Goes Where Football Meets the Hijab† it mentions the Cosby ShowShow MoreRelatedPositive And Negative Impacts Of Children Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesAs a human being, we cannot escape the fact that everything around us; friends, families, societies, and environments; affects our self-development. These influence may vary among different people, depending on several characteristics they hold such as age, education level, personal background and experiences, and many more. Among these, age is one of the strongest character istics in a person that determine whether something can leave a deep imprint into the individual or not. Someone at a youngRead MoreRacial Profiling : A Cause And Effect926 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding Racial Profiling: A Cause Effect Analysis of Racial Stereotypes Racism and racial stereotypes have existed throughout human history. The radical belief associated by thinking the skin color, language, or a person’s nationality is the reason that someone is one way or another has become extremely detrimental to society. Throughout human existence it has sparked tension between groups of people and ultimately influenced wars and even caused slavery. Racism in America dates back toRead MoreEssay on Cultural and Racial Stereotyping1439 Words   |  6 Pages Most people find stereotypes to be obnoxious, especially when they have to do with sensitive subjects like gender or race. â€Å"Stereotyping is a generalization about a group or category of people that can have a powerful influence on how we perceive others and their communication behaviors† (Floyd, 61). Because they underestimate the differences among individuals in a group, stereotyping can lead to inaccurate and offensive perceptions of other people. Although stereotypes are pre valent in almost everyRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Society s Society1375 Words   |  6 PagesRacism has always been, and continues to be, a relevant issue in our society. While racism is not as prevalent as it was in the 1860’s, it is not any less significant. The relevance of racism today can partially be blamed on how the media portrays race. Media comes in all forms; print media, broadcast media, social media, etc. Each of these forms play an important role in our society. Media is the main communicator in today’s society. Society looks to media for information. This is a problem because mediaRead MoreStereotyping : Can We Prevent Stereotypes?1557 Words   |  7 Pagesrage and hatred amongst the people in our daily society. First things first, Stereotyping is basically a belief of a certain group of people, for example, all African-Americans are excellent in sport activities. Stereotype is similar, but not the same, to prejudice, the feeling of a person based off of their social status , and discrimination, the action of treating others different based off of their social status. Stereotyping is believed to be developed into our brains at a very young age from televisionsRead MoreRepresentation Of Diversity : The Birth Of A Nation Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pageswhich different cultures are represented in media as a large effect on how we view individuals of different cultural backgrounds. Since it was first creation media has been a medium for the transference and reaffirmation of racially motivated ideologies. One of the first films â€Å"The Birth of a Nation† was created to represent African Americans as predators, and menaces to society. Media plays such a large role our everyday lives. We get our news, and events about everything occurring in the world aroundRead MoreAnalysis Of Claude Steele s Influence On Academic Performance1216 Words   |  5 PagesClaude Steele is a social psychologist whose lecture focused on stereot ype threat. He described stereotype treat as an attempt to understand the underperformance phenomena. Stereotype threat involves social identities and the science of diverse communities; for example, a college campus. Every group or identity has some type of negative stereotype, he explained. Steele wanted to test if this threat is powerful enough to effect academic performance. His first study took place at the University ofRead MoreEnding Prejudice: Is Closing the Intelligence Gap the Answer1304 Words   |  6 Pagesrights movement. Today, prejudice is ironic in the fact that it knows no specific race and affects everyone. According to Myers (2011), intelligence varies immensely among groups. For example, there are differences between men and women and among racial groups, and these differences can be attributed to many factors such as genetics and location. To note some of the different influences on intelligence, Myers discusses genetic influences. Identical twins that have been reared together have suchRead MoreIf I’m Asian I must be short, right? Essay1688 Words   |  7 Pagessubject others to a variety of stereotypes, accusing them of being a certain way without regard to what kind of person they actually are. Stereotypes are one or many generalizations of a group of people, whether negative or positive, founded on the basis that a majority of them share said characteristic (McLeod). Though people have come to realize the dastardly consequences of labeling, stereotypes have persisted in our culture, unrelentingly. Why? Stereotypes, whether racial, gender-based, religion-basedRead MoreR acism And Racism In Society1702 Words   |  7 Pagesit does exist. It is all over our country. Racism is left in the open anymore, but people still have racist thoughts against people that live in America. Racism was not a big problem during the 1940s, when people were racist against the people around them. But now, things have gotten much better. The community, town government is trying to stop such racial problems. Racial problems and judgements not really exist in our community openly, but some remains of racial problems still remain in communities

Ethos, Pathos, and Logos, as suggested by Aritotle Free Essays

The writer with whom I felt rapport was presenting his argument in a clear and consistent way, backing each point with relevant and sufficient evidence. The writer did not attempt to manipulate the reader, and the text contained no apparent bias. On the contrary, a writer who employs every trick to persuade the reader seems far less credible. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethos, Pathos, and Logos, as suggested by Aritotle or any similar topic only for you Order Now Writer’s credibility ca be analyzed through the prism of three classical modes of persuasion — Ethos (appeal to authority), Pathos (appeal to emotion), and Logos (appeal to logic), as suggested by Aritotle (1989). As concerns Ethos, audience tends to believe speakers that elicit respect and demonstrate their credibility. Personal qualities that render speakers such credibility encompass a sense of wisdom (phronesis), goodwill (eunoia), and strong moral character (arete). Pathos, for its part, implies that a speaker possesses the ability to arouse strong feeling and emotional reactions in his or her listeners. While Aristotle acknowledges the importance of the aforementioned modes of persuasion, he strongly deems that Logos is the most important and effective. Logical corollaries and evidences presented in a clear and consistent manner should persuade the reader of the effectiveness of the speaker’s thesis rater than author’s impressive credentials or emotional appeal. No doubt, writer’s qualification and expertise play a role, yet well structured argument is of greater importance to me. I would rather believe a talented university student offering an interesting and well researched thesis than a world famous professor arguing that global warming is a myth. Therefore, the most important aspects of persuasive writing are logic, evidence, and structure. How to cite Ethos, Pathos, and Logos, as suggested by Aritotle, Papers

Generic Value Chain Analysis - Wwe free essay sample

Value Chain Analysis WWE’s value chain has really helped the company gain a competitive advantage in the market. Since there are many aspects to the WWE, from the merchandise to the live shows, the value chain seems to be quite large. Starting with the primary activities, the WWE utilizes all of them when they are trying to get the product to the customer. Inbound logistics deals with the preparation of the live event. Contacting suppliers to make sure all of the trucks have all the necessary components needed to piece together the event. This adds value because poor inbound logistics could lead to the live event not being ready in time and could cost the WWE millions. Next, the company needs to take the inputs and work on getting them to the final products. This involves setting up the live event and even the accounting needed to make sure that they are on budget. We will write a custom essay sample on Generic Value Chain Analysis Wwe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The WWE has gained a competitive advantage by using family in the their operations. Linda McMahon is the CEO while her son manages all aspects of the website. Outbound Logistics deals with finally getting the event to the customer. This can include ticket sales and providing deals with the Pay-Per-View service provider. This can also include putting out DVD’s of the wrestling matches to the fan. By using the website for these products, they can really cut costs and really set their own prices that their dedicated fans will pay. Marketing and sales is another area where the WWE shines. As stated, the WWE has a strong web presence where marketing is cheap and can reach a targeted audience. It also is shown on multiple channels, cable and basic cable, which help cater to all audiences. The brand name really helps to sell itself, so not only is the product great but the reputation is stellar. The WWE understands their audience, the age group it targets has strong computer knowledge, so it can set up web-only strategic contests and video content that were very successful. The last component of the Primary activities is service. Support activities are also important to the WWE. Procurement involves the WWE partnering with various companies to help distribute their goods. This happens frequently when they sell licensees their brand name to distribute additional products such as their video games or food products. Generic Value Chain Analysis - Wwe free essay sample This adds value because poor inbound logistics could lead to the live event not being ready in time and could cost the WWE millions. Next, the company needs to take the inputs and work on getting them to the final products. This involves setting up the live event and even the accounting needed to make sure that they are on budget. The WWE has gained a competitive advantage by using family in the their operations. Linda McMahon is the CEO while her son manages all aspects of the website. Outbound Logistics deals with finally getting the event to the customer. This can include ticket sales and providing deals with the Pay-Per-View service provider. This can also include putting out DVD’s of the wrestling matches to the fan. By using the website for these products, they can really cut costs and really set their own prices that their dedicated fans will pay. We will write a custom essay sample on Generic Value Chain Analysis Wwe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Marketing and sales is another area where the WWE shines. As stated, the WWE has a strong web presence where marketing is cheap and can reach a targeted audience. It also is shown on multiple channels, cable and basic cable, which help cater to all audiences. The brand name really helps to sell itself, so not only is the product great but the reputation is stellar. The WWE understands their audience, the age group it targets has strong computer knowledge, so it can set up web-only strategic contests and video content that were very successful. The last component of the Primary activities is service. Support activities are also important to the WWE. Procurement involves the WWE partnering with various companies to help distribute their goods. This happens frequently when they sell licensees their brand name to distribute additional products such as their video games or food products.

Actus Reus Notes free essay sample

Provides a link between the initial act of the D and the prohibited consequence that has occurred. It forms part of the AR: It is not enough that the prohibited consequences has occurred, it must be caused by the D. * Established by a two-stage test: 1. Factual causation: Only basis, establish a prelimartary connection between act and consequences D’s act must be a sine qua non of the prohibited consequence(consequences would not have occurred without the D’s action) ’But for’ the D’s action, the consequences would not have occurred Case: White : D wanted to kill her mother with a poison drink but the mother die before the poison drink took effect. LP: The D’s mother would have died anyway but for D’s action, thus he is not the factual cause of death, but he is charged with attempted murder. 2. Legal causation: Chooses the blameworthy a. Case: Pagett To avoid arrest, D used his girlfriend as a shield and firmed at armed police. We will write a custom essay sample on Actus Reus Notes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The police fired back and killed the girl. LP: D’s act need not to be the sole cause of death provided it is a cause that has ‘contributed significantly to the result’ as he sets in motion the chain of events that led to death and it was foreseeable that the police would fire back. D is the most blameworthy Intervening Act: Something that occurs after the D’s act that breaks the chain of causation and relieves the D’s responsibility for the prohibited consequences. Circumstances will only break the chain of causation if they are: a) An overwhelming cause of death b) An unforeseeable occurrence Case that BREAK the chain: Jordan: D stabbed the victim and his wound was healed by the time V arrived to the hospital but he died following an allergic reaction to the drugs given by the hospital. LP: D not liable as the original wound was healed and the treatment was ‘PALPABLY WRONG’ (Obvious) to break the chain of causation. Case that DOESN’T BREAK the chain: Cheshire: D shot the victim in the leg and stomach, where when in hospital V suffered from respiratory complications and die after an operation that the hospital performed a poor standard of care and failed to recognise his wounds. LP: The need for operation flowed from the D’s original act thus he remained liable, the treatment has to be ‘PALPABLY WRONG’ (obvious) to break the chain of causation. Intervening Act falls into 3 categories: 1. Acts of the Victim 2. Acts of Third Parties 3. Naturally Occurring events 1. Acts of the Victim Roberts: D interfered the V’s clothing in the car, causing the V to jump from the moving vehicle and resulted in serious injuries from the fall. LP: It was foreseeable that the victim would have attempted to escape and could be injured in doing so. Chain of causation will only be broken if the V’s action is extreme and unforeseeable. *Only EXTREME ACTS would break it? Consider Thin-Skull rule: *Thin-Skull Rule: EXCEPTION to the rule that D is only liable to the foreseeable consequences of his actions D is liable for the full extent of V’s injuries even if, due to some pre-exisitng condition, the V suffers greater harm as a result of the D’s action than the ‘ordinary’ V would suffer. Cases: Blaue D stabbed the V and punctured her lung, but V refused a blood transfusion as it was contrary to her religion, resulting in death. LP: D convicted of manslaughter as it was held that the rule was not limited to physical conditions but included an individual’s psychological make-up and beliefs. 2. Act of Third Parties Consider: 1. Significance of their contribution 2. Action is foreseeable? 3. Naturally-occurring events * Omissions: Liability only necessary if there is no culpable positive act. Statute: A duty of act only imposed by statute in a narrow range Contract: Case: Pittwood D contracted to monitor the crossing gates so no one is harmed by the train. He failed to close the gates and V was killed by the train. LP: A person under contract will be liable for the harmful consequences of his failure to perform his contractual obligation. This duty extends to those reasonably affected by omission, not just the other party to the contract. Special relationship Case: Gibbins and Procotor First D(Father) failed to provide food to his child who was starved to death. His liability was based upon his omission to fulfil the duty established by the special relationship of father/child. (The case continued:) Voluntary assumption of care Second D(Partner of the father): liable not based on the nature of relationship but because she had previously fed the child but had ceased to do so. * A Person cannot cast off duty to act that the voluntary assumption of care imposes. Dangerous situation Case: Miller D fell asleep while smoking a cigarette. It triggers the mat on fire, but when the D woke up he did nothing to save the fire but move to another spot to sleep. The House was damaged as a result. D argued that his mens rea was not developed at the time the actua reas of the event, dropping the cigarette, occurred. LP: D has created a dangerous situation which he then has the duty to save the fire. * MR arises and coincides with continuing AR. He was liable.